TOEFL Reading Diagnostics Test from ETS!

Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction

There is increasing evidence that the impacts of meteorites have had important effects on Earth, particularly in the field of biological evolution. Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth. Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.

⁵ If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earth’s history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet

¹⁰ became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.

¹⁵ The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but

²⁰ very rare in the crust of Earth. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified. By 1990 geologists had located the impact site itself in the Yucatán region of Mexico. The crater, now deeply buried in sediment, was originally about 200 kilometers in diameter.

²⁵ This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period

³⁰ of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs.

³⁵ Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event. But even without such specific documentation, it is clear that impacts of this size do occur and that their results can be catastrophic. What is a catastrophe for one group of living things, however,

⁴⁰ may create opportunities for another group. Following each mass extinction, there is a sudden evolutionary burst as new species develop to fill the ecological niches opened by the event.

Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and

⁴⁵ seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biological evolution. The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to

⁵⁰ survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.

Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago. In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today by large impacts on Earth. The group conducting the

⁵⁵ study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous. Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful study shows that this risk is quite small.

Reading Comprehension questions:

Question 1: The word “pose” on line 2 is closest in meaning to

claim
model
assume
present

Question 2: In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?

To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster

Question 3: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the location of the meteorite impact in Mexico?

The location of the impact site in Mexico was kept secret by geologists from 1980 to 1990.
It was a well-known fact that the impact had occurred in the Yucatán region.
Geologists knew that there had been an impact before they knew where it had occurred.
The Yucatán region was chosen by geologists as the most probable impact site because of its climate.

Question 4: According to paragraph 3, how did scientists determine that a large meteorite had impacted Earth?

They discovered a large crater in the Yucatán region of Mexico.
They found a unique layer of sediment worldwide.
They were alerted by archaeologists who had been excavating in the Yucatán region.
They located a meteorite with a mass of over a trillion tons.

Question 5: The word “excavating” on line 25 is closest in meaning to

digging out
extending
destroying
covering up

Question 6: The word “consumed” on line 32 is closest in meaning to

changed
exposed
destroyed
covered

Question 7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following statements are true of the impact at the end of the Cretaceous period EXCEPT:

A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth.
Earth became cold and dark for several months.
New elements were formed in Earth’s crust.
Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.

Question 8. The phrase “tentatively identified” on line 36 is closest in meaning to

identified after careful study
identified without certainty
occasionally identified
easily identified

Question 9. The word “perspective” on line 46 is closest in meaning to

sense of values
point of view
calculation
complication

Question 10. Paragraph 6 supports which of the following statements about the factors that are essential for the survival of a species?

The most important factor for the survival of a species is its ability to compete and adapt to gradual changes in its environment.
The ability of a species to compete and adapt to a gradually changing environment is not the only ability that is essential for survival.
Since most extinctions of species are due to major meteorite impacts, the ability to survive such impacts is the most important factor for the survival of a species.
The factors that are most important for the survival of a species vary significantly from one species to another.

Question 11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the following sentence?

Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago.

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.
In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased.
Since most violent events on Earth occur randomly, nobody can predict when or where they will happen.
A few decades ago, Earth became the target of random violent events originating in outer space.

Question 12. According to the passage, who conducted investigations about the current dangers posed by large meteorite impacts on Earth?

Paleontologists
Geologists
The United States Congress
NASA

Question 13. Look at the four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage in paragraph 6.

This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Where would the sentence best fit?
Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. (A) According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. (B) Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biological evolution. (C) The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. (D) Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of
a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.

Choose the place where the sentence fits best.
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D

Question 14:

An introductory sentence for a summary of the passage is found below. Complete the summary by choosing the THREE answer choices that contain the most imporant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not fit in the summary because they provide ideas that are not mentioned in the passage or are only minor ideas from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Scientists have linked the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous with a meteorite impact on Earth.

(1) Scientists had believed for centuries that meteorite activity influenced evolution on Earth.
(2) The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990.
(3) There have also been large meteorite impacts on the surface of the Moon, leaving craters like Tycho.
(4) An iridium-enriched sediment layer and a large impact crater in the Yucatán provide evidence that a large meteorite struck Earth about
65 million years ago.
(5) Large meteorite impacts, such as one at the end of the Cretaceous period, can seriously affect climate, ecological niches, plants, and
animals.
(6) Meteorite impacts can be advantageous for some species, which thrive, and disastrous for other species, which become extinct.

Most important ideas -  Choice no 1 , 2 , 4
Most important ideas -  Choice no 3 , 4 , 6
Most important ideas -  Choice no 4 , 5 , 6
Most important ideas -  Choice no 1 , 5 , 6

How many publications should I have to avail funding for higher studies in Canada?

I am a member of a group called Prospective Bangladeshi Students for Canadian universities. Few days ago they have, published a list of around 20+ students who got funding. I have gone through their profile and extract some valuable information. Hope this will give you a better idea about getting funding in Canada.

Publication, Is it a must?
Well....to be honest there are a bunch of them without any publication but still they managed good funding.
Average Journal - 1.33
and Conference - 1.6
So if you have 1 Journal and 2 conference you are good to go.
But around 25% of the students DID not have any publications.

Ranking you need to know!

What should be my CGPA to avail funding for higher studies in Canada?

I am a member of a group called Prospective Bangladeshi Students for Canadian universities. Few days ago they have, published a list of around 20+ students who got funding. I have gone through their profile and extract some valuable information. Hope this will give you a better idea about getting funding in Canada.

CGPA :

This will break a lot of peoples heart but there are few exceptions too.
The average CGPA was 3.75 and the median was 3.79. 
So if your CGPA is above 3.70 you are way ahead of the race.

Do you want to know the number of publication you should have to avail funding?
See this post!

Most Reliable Australian university ranking 2012-2013

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2012-2013 powered by Thomson Reuters are the only global university performance tables to judge world class universities across all of their core missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The top universities rankings employ 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons available, which are trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments.

Rank  Institution

28          University of Melbourne

37          Australian National University

62          University of Sydney

65          University of Queensland Australia

85          University of New South Wales

99          Monash University

176          University of Adelaide

190         University of Western Australia

251-275 Macquarie University

251-275 Queensland University of Technology

276-300 The University of Newcastle

301-350 Murdoch University

301-350 University of South Australia

WHANT TO KNOW HOW MUCH YOU SHOULD SCORE FOR CANADA?

400 Must Have Words for the TOEFL (A to D)

Do you know them all?

A

Abandon Abduction Abstract Accumulate Accuracy Accuse Acquire Acquisition Adapt Addictive Adjacent Adjust Adolescent Advent Adversely Advocate Affection Affluence Aggravate Aggregate Agnostic Allegedly Allegiance Allocate Amateurish Ambiguous Amend Analyze Ancestral Anesthesia Animism Annex Anomaly Anticipate Antipathy Apex Apprehend Arbitrary Arrogantly Artillery Ascertain Assail Assess Asset Assimilate Associate Astrological Atheist Augment Authority

B

Battle, Be inclined to, Berate Biased Bitterly Bond Bribery Bulk Burden Bureaucratic

C

Candidate Capricious Cartel Cast Catastrophic Cause Cease Certifiably Charismatic Chronologically Circulate Civil Clique Coalition Coerce Cohesion Coincide Collapse Collide Combustion Commodity Compensate Complex Complication Component Compress Concentrated Condemn Confide Conflict Connotation Conquest Consciously Consequence Constraint Contamination Contemplate Contemptuous Contest Context Contrary Convey Convict Core Corrode Counter Cremation Cultivation Cumbersome Cure Curriculum Cynically

D

De facto, Decipher Decline Decrepit Degrade Deify Delinquency Denominator Denote Deny Depict Deplete Derive Descendant Despise Despondent Detain Detection Deviant Devise Devotion Dilemma Dimension Diminish Discretely Discriminate Disease Dispose of Distill Distinctly Distort Diverse Divination Domesticate Dynamic

More vocabulary practice with memory tricks

TOEFL IELTS Score Requirement for Canadian Universities - Ontario

"All of these data are collected from the university's website as on 28th May 2013. This requirement may varies according to program. These data can be used as MINIMUM REQUIREMENT."

University of Waterloo

Undergrad studies

Choose ONE of the following test options
Internet-based TOEFL(iBT)	IELTS	MELAB	CAEL	New TestPTE(Academic)	EFAS
90; writing 25; speaking 25	7.0	85; 80 per section; for co-op programs: speaking 3	70; 60 per band; writing 70; speaking 70	63; writing 65; speaking 65	80% overall in level 400 (Revised - effective fall 2013 entry: 75% overall in 400 level with 75% in each of academic, oral, and writing)

Graduate studies

Accepted ELPC examinations	Required scores
TOEFL (PBT) Paper based test	580 overall
TOEFL (iBT) Internet based test	90 overall; 25 writing; 25 speaking
IELTS (academic)	7.0 overall
MELAB	85 overall; 80 per section
CAEL	70 overall; 60 per band; 70 writing; 70 speaking
PTE (academic)	63 overall; 65 writing; 65 speaking
EFAS	80% overall in level 400

WHANT TO KNOW HOW MUCH YOU SHOULD SCORE? 

University of Toronto

Undergrad & Graduate 

TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language

The minimum scores required for the different TOEFL tests are:

Internet-based Test:

Minimum Requirement

total score of 100 + 22 on Writing

Discretionary Range

total score 89-99 +19 - 21 on Writing

Paper-based Test:

Minimum Requirement

total score of 600 + 5.0 on TWE

Discretionary Range

total score 573-597 + 4.5 on TWE

If you score in the discretionary ranges shown above, and you are otherwise well qualified for admission, we will automatically consider other academic evidence of English proficiency (for example, results of English courses) and we will advise you whether our English language requirements have been satisfied. It is not necessary to request this special consideration. Letters of reference will NOT be used for this purpose. As we cannot guarantee that these scores will be accepted, we recommend that you take another test if the final official results can be submitted to us by the appropriate document deadline. 

IELTS

International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Academic Module

The minimum requirement is an overall band of 6.5, with no band below 6.0.

BROCK University

Undergrad studies

TOEFL IBT (Internet-based Test of English as a Foreign Language), MELAB (Michigan English Language Assessment Battery), IELTS (International Language Testing System), PTE Academic (Pearson Test of English), or ITELP (International Test of English Language Proficiency) scores. Normally, only those with TOEFL IBT scores of 88 or greater, with a minimum of 21 on Speaking and 21 on Writing; MELAB scores of 85 or greater, with no other part under 80; IELTS scores of 6.5 or greater, with no band below 6.0; PTE Academic scores of 58; or ITELP scores of 565 or greater with a minimum composition score of 240 will be considered for admission.

Graduate studies

A minimum TOEFL PBT (Paper Based Test) score of 550 plus 4.0 minimum for the TWE (Test of Written English), or TOEFL iBT (Internet based) minimum overall score of 80 with no sub-test score under 19;
or
A minimum score of 6.5 on the International English Language Testing System - Academic (IELTS), with no section under 5.5;

Carleton University

Undergrad & Graduate studies

Paper-based TOEFL             580

Internet-based TOEFL      86 (22 in writing and speaking, 20 in reading and listening)

IELTS                                     6.5 IELTS (min 6.0 each band)

University of Guelph

Undergrad studies

The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) with a minimum overall score of 6.5 with no band less than 6.

The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) :

Paper-based: minimum score of 600; and Test of Written English (TWE) of 5

Computer-based: minimum score of 250; and TWE of 5

Internet-based: minimum total score of 89 with no individual scaled score less than 21

Graduate

International English Language Testing System (IELTS)
6.5
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL - Paper based test (PBT)
550
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL Internet-based test (IBT))
Note: A minimum score of 21 must be achieved in each of the four categories (listening, speaking, reading, writing).

89

University of Windsor

Undergrad and Grad

A minimum score of 6.5 on the International English Language Testing System (IELTS);

A minimum score of 220 with a T.W.E. 4.5 on the Computer-based Test, 83 with an essay score of 20 on the Internet-based Test of English as a Foreign Language (T.O.E.F.L.)

Ryerson University

Undergrad

Minimum English Proficiency Results 
(subject to change - use as a guideline only)

Program	TOEFL - 0886	MELAB	IELTS	CAEL
- Creative Industries - Journalism  -Professional Communication - Radio and Television	-580 Paper-based -92-93 Internet-based	90	6.5	70
All Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science programs except Architectural Science All Faculty of Science programs except Computer Science	-560 Paper-based -83-87 Internet-based	85	6.5	60
All other Ryerson programs	-580 Paper-based -92-93 Internet-based	85	6.5	70

  

Graduate

Please note, meeting the minimum English proficiency requirements does not guarantee admission. Programs may set additional requirements to these minimum standards.

Academic Program	TOEFL (IBT)	IELTS	MELAB
General Requirement	93	7.0	85
Computer Networks	80	6.5	80
Communication and Culture	100	7.5	90
Journalism	105	7.5	90
Psychology	100	7.5	90

*Other English proficiency scores may be considered on an individual basis

McMaster University

Undergrad & Grad

TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language) www.toefl.com IBT: 

86 

overall with a minimum score of 20 on each of the four components (Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening)

Valid for 2 years

IELTS(International English Language Testing System)

6.5 Overall with a minimum score of 5.0 in each of the  four components (Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening)

University of Ottawa / Université d’Ottawa: 

TOEFL

Paper based: 580 written : 4.5

iBT: 92 Writen : 24

IELTS 

Total : 7 

Written :6.5

York University

TOEFL Reading Exercise : Tornadoes

This exercise is helpful for both TOEFL and IELTS test takers.

Tornadoes

[1] Tornadoes are one of the most severe types of weather phenomena. While many people fear tornadoes and their destructive power, few people understand their real causes and effects, nor are they aware of how to protect themselves from their devastating force.

[2] Tornadoes, violently rotating columns of air, occur when a change in wind direction, coupled with an increase in wind speed, results in a spinning effect in the lower atmosphere. These whirling movements, which may not be visible to the naked eye, are exacerbated when the rotating air column shifts from a horizontal to a vertical position. As the revolving cloud draws in the warm air that surrounds it at ground level, its spinning motion begins to accelerate, thereby creating a funnel that extends from the cloud above it to the ground below. In this way, tornadoes become pendent from low pressure storm clouds.

[3] When a tornado comes into contact with the ground, it produces a strong upward draft known as a vortex, a spiraling column of wind that can reach speeds in excess of 200 miles per hour. Traveling across the landscape, the tornado wreaks a path of concentrated destruction. It is not uncommon for these twisters to lift heavy objects, like cars or large animals, and throw them several miles. Houses that succumb to the force of the tornado seem to explode as the low air pressure inside the vortex collides with the normal air pressure inside the buildings.

[4] Tornadoes can occur at any time of the year, but are typically most frequent during the summer months. Equally, tornadoes can happen at any time during the day, but usually occur between 3:00 in the afternoon and 9:00 in the evening. While these fierce funnels occur in many parts of the world, they are most common in the United States. On average, there are 1,200 tornadoes per year in this vast nation, causing 70 fatalities and 1,500 injuries.

[5] Although taking myriad shapes and sizes, tornadoes are generally categorized as weak, strong, or violent. The majority of all tornadoes are classified as weak, meaning that their duration is less than 10 minutes and they have a speed under 110 miles per hour. Comprising approximately 10 percent of all twisters, strong tornadoes may last for more than 20 minutes and reach speeds up to 205 miles per hour. Violent tornadoes are the rarest, occurring less than one percent of the time. While uncommon, tornadoes in this classification are the most devastating, lasting more than one hour and resulting in the greatest loss of life. Even though only violent tornadoes can completely destroy a well-built, solidly-constructed home, weaker ones can also cause great damage.

[6] Owing to the powerful and destructive nature of these winds, there are, perhaps not surprisingly, a number of myths and misconceptions surrounding them. For instance, many people mistakenly believe that tornadoes never occur over rivers, lakes, and oceans; yet, waterspouts, tornadoes that form over bodies of water, often move onshore and cause extensive damage to coastal areas. In addition, tornadoes can accompany hurricanes and tropical storms as they move to land. Another common myth about tornadoes is that damage to built structures, like houses and office buildings, can be avoided if windows are opened prior to the impact of the storm. Based on the misunderstanding that open windows might equalize the pressure inside the structure and minimize the damage to it, this action can instead result in fatal injury.

[7] Because of the profound effects that tornadoes have on communities and their inhabitants, safety measures are of paramount importance during adverse weather conditions. Drivers often attempt to outrun tornadoes in their cars, but it is extremely unsafe to do so. Automobiles offer very little protection when twisters strike, so drivers should abandon their vehicles and seek safe shelter. Mobile homes afford little shelter, so residents of these homes should go to an underground floor of the sturdiest nearby building. 

In the case of a building having no underground area, a person should go to the lowest floor of the building and place him or herself under a piece of heavy furniture. If no building is available, a person caught in a tornado should lie prostate in a nearby ditch or other depressed area of land and cover his or her head.

Now answer to these questions below

Question 1. The word "whirling" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.invisible

B. rotating

C. extended

D. worsening

Question 2.  Which of the sentences below is the best paraphrase of the following sentence from paragraph 3?

Traveling across the landscape, the tornado wreaks a path of concentrated destruction.

A. The tornado causes great damage to landscaped areas, such as parks and gardens.

B. The tornado focuses its damage primarily upon localities that have been heavily landscaped. 

D. The tornado only causes damage to open areas, but the damage is usually very severe.

E. As the tornado moves through the countryside, it causes extensive, geographically centralized damage.

Question 3. The word "pendent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. revolving

B.quickening

C. hanging

D. parallel

Question 4. The phrase these twisters in paragraph 3 refers to

A. tornadoes

 B. concentrated destruction

 C. landscapes

 D. explosions

Answer: 1.B  2. C3.D 4. A

TOEFL IELTS Reading exercise 07

This exercise is helpful for both TOEFL and IELTS test takers.

Government subsidies to farmers

(Level - Hard)

<-----     TOEFL IELTS Reading Exercise 06

All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts.  For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future.  Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries.  The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity.  The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.  Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America. 

Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause.  In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land.  The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s.  To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides.  Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent.  The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981. 

In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies.  The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984.  A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes).  The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion.  Farms began to diversify.  The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion. 

In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow.  It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops.  Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing.  In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass).  Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow.  They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect.  But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops. 

01 Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion - 

A  reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent. 

B  was almost as severe as in India and China. 

C  was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland. 

D  could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest. 

02 By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark - 

 A  used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers. 

B  used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960. 

C  applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960. 

D  more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years. 

03 Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984? 

A  farm incomes 

B  use of fertiliser 

C  over-stocking 

D  farm diversification 

1. C 

2. B 

3. D